コンビネータ：and_then

map() was described as a chainable way to simplify match statements. However, using map() on a function that returns an Option<T> results in the nested Option<Option<T>>. Chaining multiple calls together can then become confusing. That's where another combinator called and_then(), known in some languages as flatmap, comes in.

and_then()は引数として与えられた関数にラップされた値を渡しますが、その値がNoneだった場合はNoneを返します。

In the following example, cookable_v3() results in an Option<Food>. Using map() instead of and_then() would have given an Option<Option<Food>>, which is an invalid type for eat().

#![allow(dead_code)]

#[derive(Debug)] enum Food { CordonBleu, Steak, Sushi }
#[derive(Debug)] enum Day { Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday }

// 我々は寿司の材料を持っていません。
fn have_ingredients(food: Food) -> Option<Food> {
    match food {
        Food::Sushi => None,
        _           => Some(food),
    }
}

// コルドン・ブルーのレシピも持っていません。
fn have_recipe(food: Food) -> Option<Food> {
    match food {
        Food::CordonBleu => None,
        _                => Some(food),
    }
}

// 料理を作るためには、材料とレシピの両方が必要。
// ロジックの流れを`match`のチェインで表します。
fn cookable_v1(food: Food) -> Option<Food> {
    match have_recipe(food) {
        None       => None,
        Some(food) => have_ingredients(food),
    }
}

// `and_then()`を用いることで、同じことをよりコンパクトに表現できます。
fn cookable_v3(food: Food) -> Option<Food> {
    have_recipe(food).and_then(have_ingredients)
}

// Otherwise we'd need to `flatten()` an `Option<Option<Food>>`
// to get an `Option<Food>`:
fn cookable_v2(food: Food) -> Option<Food> {
    have_recipe(food).map(have_ingredients).flatten()
}

fn eat(food: Food, day: Day) {
    match cookable_v3(food) {
        Some(food) => println!("Yay! On {:?} we get to eat {:?}.", day, food),
        None       => println!("Oh no. We don't get to eat on {:?}?", day),
    }
}

fn main() {
    let (cordon_bleu, steak, sushi) = (Food::CordonBleu, Food::Steak, Food::Sushi);

    eat(cordon_bleu, Day::Monday);
    eat(steak, Day::Tuesday);
    eat(sushi, Day::Wednesday);
}

参照

クロージャ, Option, Option::and_then(), Option::flatten()